• Modernization is key
A sociological process that entails moving from: 


traditional to modern 


And transforming relations within society from: 


ascriptive (who you are) to achievement (what you do)

• Ethnicity is a bad thing
Need to establish a unified, national character

• Political participation is problematic
Demands by civil society may overwhelm state capacity

• Stability is essential
Provides an environment for orderly change and economic growth

• Democracy has prerequisites
Certain social and economic conditions need to be achieved before democracy is possible

• Leftist, socialist approaches are suspect
Cold War mentality prevails

• Result: Justification for a strong state

Principles of Economic Development
in the 1960s

• Unbalanced Growth
Focus efforts on leading or high-return industries

• Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI)
Jump-start growth by developing industry to service domestic needs

• Centralization of investment and management decisions
Capital for investment and managerial talent in short supply and must be directed to high-return industries

• Agriculture-fed industrialization
Generate investment funds by squeezing farmers through low prices and taxes

• Result: Justification for a strong, centralized state